Astaxanthin a Mmɔkaw Yɛ:
Abɔde a Nkwa Wom Mfiridwuma mu Nkɔso ne Mfiridwuma mu Adwene
Astaxanthin yɛ keto-carotenoid a ɛwɔ abɔdeɛ mu a wɔgye tom kɛseɛ wɔ ne tumi soronko a ɛko tia ɔyare mmoawa ne dwumadie a ɛtrɛ wɔnsu mu mmoa, aduan a wɔde ka aduan ho, nnuru, ne nnuru a wɔde yɛ ahosiesie. Sɛnea gua so ahwehwɛde maabɔde mu astaxanthinkɔ so nyin, microbial biosynthesis-titiriw a wɔde mmɔkaw di dwuma-ada adi sɛ mfiridwuma mu nneɛma a wɔyɛ no akwan a ɛhyɛ bɔ sen biara no mu biako.
Asɛm yi de annwuma-a ɛfa nnwuma hoa ɛfa mmɔkaw-a egyina astaxanthin a wɔyɛ so, a wɔde wɔn adwene si sobiosynthetic akwan, strain engineering akwan, ne fermentation optimization, a egyina nyansahu mu nkɔso a aba nnansa yi so.
1. Nea Enti a Astaxanthin Ho Hia Wɔ Wiase Nyinaa Guadi Mu
Wɔbu astaxanthin sɛ ɛsom bo wɔ ne tumi a ɛyɛ den a ɛko tia ɔyare mmoawa, tumi a ɛko tia ɔyare mmoawa, ne dwuma a edi wɔ nipadua mu ahoɔden a ɛko tia nyarewa, aniwa akwahosan, ne honam ani ahobammɔ mu. Sɛ wɔde toto astaxanthin a wɔde nnuru ayɛ ho a, .astaxanthin a wonya fi abɔde mude mfaso ahorow pii ma:
Abɔde a nkwa wom dwumadi a ɛkorɔn esiane stereochemical nhyehyɛe ahorow a wɔakyerɛkyerɛ mu nti
Nnuru a wɔde yɛ nneɛma a aka a enni hɔ
Bioavailability a eye, a ɛtaa ba wɔ esterified ahorow mu
Ne saa nti, abɔde mu astaxanthin abɛyɛ nea...wɔpɛ sɛ wɔpaw ma aduan, aduan a wɔde ka ho, ne nnuru a wɔde yɛ ahosiesie, titiriw wɔ gua a ɛyɛ premium ne regulatory-sensitive gua so.
2. Nea Enti a Mmɔkaw Yɛ Adeyɛbea a Ɛfata
Wɔ abɔde mu nneɛma ahorow mu no, mmɔkaw da nsow sɛ adwumayɛbea a ɛyɛ den na wotumi sesa mmoawa nketenkete a wɔyɛ astaxanthin esiane:
Nnyin ntɛmntɛm ne bere tiaa a ɛma ɛyɛ hyew
Substrate a wɔde di dwuma a ɛtrɛw
Wiɛ-de awosuo mu mfiridwuma nnwinnadeɛ asi hɔ
Nneɛma a wɔde yɛ aduru a wɔada no adi wɔ mfiridwuma mu
Mmɔkaw ahorow a wɔtaa yɛ ho nhwehwɛmu na wɔde di dwuma de yɛ astaxanthin biosynthesis no bi ne:
Xanthophyllomyces a ɛyɛ dendrorhous a ɛyɛ den(Phaffia rhodozyma) a ɛwɔ nipadua no mu.
Nnuru a wɔfrɛ no Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Yarrowia srade a ɛma mogya tu
Kluyveromyces marxianus a wɔfrɛ no aduru a wɔfrɛ no marxianus
Saa abɔde a nkwa wom yi som sɛabɔde mu nneɛma a wɔyɛanaasɛ sɛneaahɔhoyɛfo a wɔayɛ wɔn mfiridwumama astaxanthin akwan a ɛsono emu biara.
3. Astaxanthin Biosynthesis a Ɛwɔ Mmɔkaw Mu Ho Nsɛm a Wɔaka abom
Astaxanthin biosynthesis wɔ mmɔkaw mu taa kɔ so wɔafã abien:
3.1 -Carotene a wɔhyehyɛ
Adeyɛ no fi ase wɔ central carbon metabolism, baabi a wɔdan asikre te sɛ glucose ma ɛbɛyɛ isoprenoid precursors denam...mevalonate (MVA) kwan a wɔfa so yɛ adwuma, a ɛyɛ mmɔkaw ankasa. Wɔboaboa ntamgyinafoɔ titire te sɛ IPP ne DMAPP ano na wɔdane no:
Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP) a wɔde yɛ aduru a ɛma obi nya ahoɔden.
Phytoene a wɔfrɛ no phytoene
Lycopene a wɔde yɛ aduru
-Carotene a wɔde yɛ adwuma
Saa fã yi na ɛkyerɛ sɛnea...carbon flux tumi a ɛtumi kɔ nipadua no mude kɔ astaxanthin a wɔyɛ so.
3.2 -Carotene a wɔdannan no ma ɛbɛyɛ Astaxanthin
-Carotene dane astaxanthin denam nneyɛe abien a ɛtoatoa so so:
Hydroxylation a wɔde yɛ adwuma
Ketolation a wɔde yɛ nneɛma
MuX. dendrorhous a ɛyɛ den, astaxanthin synthase nhyehyɛe a egyina cytochrome P450 so na ɛma nsakrae yi ba.
Wɔ mmɔkaw ahorow a wɔayɛ mu no, awosu mu nkwaadɔm a ɛkyerɛw -carotene hydroxylase ne ketolase (mpɛn piicrtZnecrtW/BKT na ɛwɔ hɔ) no fi mmoawa anaa atɛkyɛ fibea ahorow mu na ɛba.
Wɔ saa adeyɛ yi mu no, wobetumi ayɛ carotenoids a ɛwɔ ntam te sɛ canthaxanthin anaa echinenone nso.
4. Akwan a Wɔfa so Ma Astaxanthin Aba Kɔ soro
4.1 Nkɔsoɔ a ɛba wɔ nhyɛsoɔ mu
Abɔde mu mmɔkaw ahorow taa yɛ astaxanthin wɔ dodow a ɛba fam mu. Nea ɛbɛyɛ na adwumayɛ atu mpɔn no, wɔde akwan horow pii di dwuma kɛse:
Mutagenesis a wɔde wo awo(sɛ nhwɛso no, UV, gamma mframa, ARTP) .
Adaptive laboratory adannandi
Nneɛma a ɛma nipadua no yɛ adwuma ho mfiridwuma, a ɛka ho:
Enzyme ahorow a ɛto ano hye a wɔda no adi boro so wɔ key rate-limiting
Akwan a ɛne wɔn ho wɔn ho di akan a wɔtew so (sɛ nhwɛso no, sterol biosynthesis) .
Genome a wɔde CRISPR/Cas nhyehyɛe ahorow di dwuma no mu nsakrae pɛpɛɛpɛ
Ɛdenam akwan horow yi so no, mmɔkaw ahorow a wɔayɛ no yiye no anya nkɔsoɔhaha pii a ɛyɛ mg/Lastaxanthin a wɔyɛ wɔ tebea horow a eye sen biara mu.
5. Fermentation Adeyɛ a Wɔyɛ no Yiye
Wɔ strain engineering akyi no, fermentation parameters di dwuma titiriw wɔ industrial-scale adwumayɛ mu.
Nneɛma atitiriw a ɛwɔ nkɛntɛnso no bi ne:
Carbon fibea ahorow: glucose, lignocellulosic hydrolysates, anaa afifide mu ngo
Nitrogen fibea ahorow: mmɔkaw a wɔayiyi ne peptone na wɔtaa pɛ
C/N nsusuwii: dodow a ɛkɔ soro taa ma carotenoid boaboa ano
pH a wɔde di dwuma: tebea horow a acid kakra wom (bɛyɛ pH 4.5–5.0) taa yɛ nea eye sen biara
Oxygen a wɔapete (DO) .: oxygen a ɛfata a wɔde ma no boa nkwammoaa nyin ne enzyme dwumadi nyinaa
Saa nsusuwii ahorow yi a wɔde ka bom yiye no betumi ama astaxanthin aba a etwa to ne nhyehyɛe a ɛyɛ den no anya nkɔso kɛse.
6. Mfiridwuma mu Nsusuwii
Yeast-based astaxanthin a wɔyɛ no gyina hɔ ma ascalable, sustainable, na wotumi di soɔkwan foforo a wɔfa so yiyi fi atetesɛm mu fi atɛkyɛ anaa nnuru a wɔde yɛ nneɛma mu. Esiane sɛ wɔkɔ so nya nkɔso wɔ nipadua mu nneɛma a ɛsakra ne mfiridwuma a wɔde yɛ aduru mu nti, wɔhwɛ kwan sɛ mmoawa nketenkete astaxanthin bedi dwuma titiriw wɔ:
Aduan ne aduannuru a wɔde yɛ nnuru
Nsuo mu aduane a wɔde yɛ aduru a wɔde yɛ aduru
Nneɛma a wɔde yɛ ahosiesie ne nneɛma a wɔde hwɛ honam ani
Wɔn a wɔde nneɛma ma ne adetɔfo a wɔrehwehwɛsu a ɛyɛ pintinn, mmara a wodi so, ne bere tenten-ka a wɔbɔ no yiye, mmɔkaw-a wonya fi abɔde mu astaxanthin ma aguadi tumi a emu yɛ den.
Nsusuwii a Etwa To
Nkɔso a aba wɔ mmɔkaw mu abɔde a nkwa wom ho mfiridwuma mu no resakra astaxanthin ntɛmntɛm afi niche high-value compound mu akɔ anabɔde mu ade a ɛyɛ adwuma wɔ mfiridwuma mu. Nneɛma foforo a wɔbɛkɔ so ayɛ wɔ strain development ne process optimization mu no bɛtew nneɛma a wɔyɛ no ho ka so bio na atrɛw ne wiase nyinaa dwumadie tebea mu.
